Ulcers

Gastric and duodenal ulcers are a common condition in clinical patients. The best method to diagnose them is video endoscopy of the upper digestive tract (gastroscopy), in which the doctor uses a thin tube with a camera to observe the lining of the stomach.

Symptoms of ulcers

Symptoms of ulcers can vary significantly from patient to patient. Some ulcers are painless, while others can be severe enough to disturb sleep. Common symptoms include:

• Abdominal pain
• Vomit
• Nausea
• Constipation or diarrhea

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

Diagnosing ulcers requires ruling out other conditions such as gastritis, abdominal wall problems, and biliary tract disease. It is important to note that ulcers are curable with proper treatment.

Complications

The most common complications of ulcers include:

1. Hemorrhage: One of the most common causes of gastric bleeding, with symptoms such as bloody vomiting and dark stools. The mortality rate for ulcerative hemorrhages remains high, around 7-10%.
2. Perforation: Occurs when the ulcer ruptures, causing gastric contents to leak into the abdomen. This is an emergency situation that requires surgery.
3. Penetration: An ulcer that penetrates the intestinal wall without causing rupture. It can lead to complications such as visceral abscess and hemorrhage.
4. Obstruction: More rare, often associated with duodenal ulcers, it can block the normal passage of food.

Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori

There is a strong link between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of ulcers. Testing for this bacterium is standard for all patients with peptic ulcer disease.

Treatment

Treatment of ulcers includes:

• Appropriate treatment for one or more months
• Discontinuation of use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Continuous monitoring of symptoms to prevent complications

Ulcers are curable, and with proper care, patients can recover completely.