Helicobacter Pylori
Helicobacter Pylori: What You Need to Know
What is Helicobacter Pylori?
Helicobacter pylori, also known as H. pylori, is a bacterium commonly found in the stomach that infects about half of the world’s population. Although many infected people have no symptoms, the bacterium can cause a variety of digestive tract problems, especially in the stomach and duodenum. It is not yet clear why some people develop problems related to the infection, while others remain asymptomatic.
In this article, we discuss the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of H. pylori infection.
Risk Factors and Transmission of H. Pylori
- pylori is mainly transmitted through contaminated food or water. The bacterium causes changes in the lining of the stomach and duodenum, producing enzymes and toxins that can damage the protective cells. This damage can lead to chronic inflammation (gastritis and duodenitis), making the stomach more vulnerable to gastric acid.
The infection is very common in developing countries, including Albania, where children are often infected before the age of 10.
Symptoms of H. Pylori Infection
Many infected people have no symptoms, but when they do appear, they may include:
- Pain or burning in the upper abdomen
- Abdominal swelling
- Early feeling of satiety
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea or vomiting
- Dark or black stools (melena)
In some cases, ulcers can cause bleeding, leading to anemia and fatigue.
Chronic H. pylori infection may also increase the risk of stomach cancer, especially in areas where the infection is common since childhood.
How is H. Pylori diagnosed?
There are several methods to diagnose H. pylori, including:
- Blood test – Detects antibodies produced by the body against the bacteria.
- Breath test – A special test that detects the breakdown product of bacteria in exhaled air.
- Stool test – Detects the presence of the bacteria in the stool.
- Biopsy – During a gastroscopy, a sample is taken from the gastric mucosa and analyzed in a laboratory.
Who should get tested for H. Pylori?
The test is recommended for people with symptoms, active ulcers , or a history of ulcers . It may also be recommended for those with a family history of gastric cancer .
Treatment of H. Pylori
Gastric or duodenal ulcers associated with H. pylori infection should be treated. Treatment promotes healing and reduces the risk of recurrence and complications such as bleeding.
Medications – Standard treatment involves a combination of medications taken for 7 or 14 days, such as:
- Proton pump inhibitors – Reduces acidity and helps the mucosa heal.
- Two antibiotics – Kill the bacteria and reduce the chance of resistance.
Side effects of treatment
About 50% of patients may experience mild side effects, while less than 10% discontinue treatment due to severe effects. The most common are:
- Metallic taste in the mouth
- Nausea, vomiting, headache
- Diarrhea or constipation
Treatment failed
Approximately 20% of patients do not clear the infection after the first course of therapy and may require a second treatment with different antibiotics.
Summary
- pylori is a very common bacterium in the stomach. Although many infected people have no symptoms, it can cause stomach and duodenal ulcers and increase the risk of stomach cancer. Proper testing and treatment help treat the infection and prevent complications.
After treatment, it is important to confirm eradication of the bacteria to ensure complete recovery.
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